农牧交错带典型偏农区土地利用变化及其原因分析——以奈曼旗尧勒甸子村为例   总被引：22，自引：10，他引：12  

赵杰  赵士洞 《中国沙漠》2003,23(1):73-78

中国北方农牧交错带东部农业以种植业为主。土地利用变化对农业的可持续发展具有深刻的影响。尧勒甸子村是农牧交错带典型的偏农区,50a来土地利用发生很大变化。其变化表现出明显的阶段性,20世纪80年代前后明显不同。本文主要分析了农业用地和沙漠化土地的变化,并从国家政策、土地产权制度、人口、牲畜、系统结构等方面的变化探讨了其土地利用变化的原因。  相似文献   

Increase in medium-size rainfall events will enhance the C-sequestration capacity of biological soil crusts     

CuiHua Huang  Fei Peng  Itaru Shibata  Jun Luo  Xian Xue  Kinya Akashi  Atsushi Tsunekawa  Tao Wang 《寒旱区科学》2019,11(1):81-92

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play important roles in the carbon(C) balance in arid regions. Net C balance of BSCs is strongly dependent on rainfall and consequent activation of microbes in the BSCs. The compensation-rainfall size for BSCs(the minimum rainfall amount for a positive net C balance) is assumed to be different with BSCs of different developmental stages. A field experiment with simulated rainfall amount(SRA) of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mm was conducted to examine the C fluxes and compensation-rainfall size of BSCs in different parts of fixed dunes in the ecotone between the Badain Jaran Desert and the Minqin Oasis. We found algae-lichen crust on the interdunes and crest, algae crust on the leeward side, and lichen-moss crust on the windward. Even a small rainfall(1 mm) can activate both photosynthesis and respiration of all types of BSCs. The gross ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange were significantly affected by SRA, hours after the simulated rainfall, position on a dune, and their interactions. The rapid activation of photosynthesis provides a C source and therefore could be responsible for the increase of C efflux after each rewetting. C-uptake and-emission capacity of all the BSCs positively correlated with rainfall size, with the lowest C fluxes on the leeward side. The compensation rainfall for a net C uptake was 3.80, 15.54, 8.62, and 1.88 mm for BSCs on the interdunes, the leeward side, the crest, and the windward side, respectively. The whole dune started to show a net C uptake with an SRA of 5 mm and maximized with an SRA of about 30 mm. The compensation-rainfall size is negatively correlated with chlorophyll content. Our results suggest that BSCs will be favored in terms of C balance, and sand dune stabilization could be sustained with an increasing frequency of 5-10 mm rainfall events in the desert-oasis transitional zone.-  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯草原沙漠交错区生态系统健康评价——以十大孔兑为例     

白雪莲  王理想  季树新  陈正新  常学礼 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):187-194

生态系统健康是生态学在景观和区域尺度的主要研究领域，应用RS技术判读生态系统格局变化是生态系统健康评价有效手段。十大孔兑地处中国草原沙漠交错区，受到的干扰较多，生态系统健康状况在中国生态交错区具有代表性。基于生态系统（土地利用）格局和相应生态系统服务价值当量应用RS和GIS技术评价了十大孔兑地区不同地理类型区生态系统健康状况。结果表明：（1）十大孔兑生态系统以健康区为主，面积为686 925.72 hm²，占总面积64.66%；研究区南部（草原区）、中部（沙漠区）和北部（平原区）健康区比例都大于50%。（2）健康区最大斑块指数（LPI）总体为62.47%，从北到南分别为22.42%、65.04%、66.25%；平均欧几里得距离（ENN_MN）总体为526.51 m，从北到南分别为293.47、287.14、298.09 m。（3）健康区在十大孔兑以集中连片团聚结构为绝对优势，尤其是南部和中部表现明显，但是北部团聚性较南部和中部弱；良好区和恶化区呈现为低频率离散分布，北部较南部和中部良好区分布频率更高、更聚集，南部较中部和北部恶化区分布频率更低、更离散；较好区和较差区呈现高频率离散分布。  相似文献   

中国北方农牧交错带鄂尔多斯高原段土壤表层粒度特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王国玲  苏志珠  毛丽  张秋华  马义娟 《中国沙漠》2019,39(3):183-190

土壤粒度是描述土壤性质的重要参数，研究农牧交错带土壤表层粒度对土壤质量和沙化程度评价具有科学意义。对不同沉积物类型及土地利用方式土壤表层（0~5 cm深度）粒度进行分析。结果表明：（1）沙黄土、覆沙黄土残积物、风化残积物中粉粒最多，其次为极细砂和细砂，这3个粒级含量之和表现为沙黄土（96.51%） > 覆沙黄土残积物（88.29%） > 风化残积物（77.58%）；风成沙土壤表层以细砂（53.85%）和中砂（26.13%）为主。（2）平均粒径由小到大依次为沙黄土（4.78Φ）、覆沙黄土残积物（4.62Φ）、风化残积物（3.80Φ）、风成沙（2.46Φ）；分选性由差到好依次为风化残积物、覆沙黄土残积物、沙黄土、风成沙；偏度呈现为正偏或极正偏；峰值表明风成沙（2.30）粒径分布最为集中。（3）同一地表沉积物中，砾石和极粗砂等粗颗粒在农田较多，粉粒在草地较多，极细砂在林地较多；风成沙中，粉粒在固定沙丘略多，细砂在半固定沙丘较多，砾石、极粗砂等粗颗粒仅在流动沙丘地中分布。（4）土壤颗粒分形维数表现为沙黄土（2.5242） > 覆沙黄土残积物（2.4373） > 风化残积物（2.3554） > 风成沙（2.2815）；地表沉积物类型不同，表层土壤分形维数与粒级含量相关性有着明显差异。  相似文献   

历史上冀中平原“塘泺”湖泊群的分布与水系结构     

邓辉  卜凡 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2332-2345

“塘泺”是北宋时期分布在冀中平原中部的巨大湖泊群,由大小数十个湖泊组成,东西绵延260 km,今天的白洋淀、文安洼、东淀、团泊洼、北大港,均属于“塘泺”的残余。本文在实地考察的基础上,综合集成历史文献记载、大比例尺地形图、ETM遥感数据、DEM数据、土壤调查数据、古地图数据,系统复原了北宋“塘泺”的空间分布范围与内部水系结构。研究表明,北宋“塘泺”的自然地理基础是分布在冀中凹陷带上以白洋淀、文安洼、团泊洼为代表的三大洼地,以及分布在这些洼地内的天然湖泊和河流。北宋朝廷出于军事防御目的,利用这些洼地和湖泊,开挖渠道,修筑堤坝,开辟水口,导引水源,调控水位,把位于今大清河以南的各条河流几乎全部导入了各区湖泊,把原有湖泊的水面尽量扩大,并将其串联成为相互连通的湖泊水面,从而形成了历史上冀中平原上最大的湖泊系统。  相似文献   

荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性与维持机制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

常学礼  李秀梅  白雪莲  季树新  王理想 《中国沙漠》2020,40(3):43-50

景观稳定性与维持机制是景观生态学理论的重要基础。由于人类活动干扰和景观斑块自然属性及资源条件约束，荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性研究成为干旱区生态学研究热点。选取描述景观斑块大小（MPA）、数量（PD）、大斑块优势度（LPI）和斑块空间关系（ENN）等4个指数，采用统计学中的变异系数和景观稳定性指数分析了荒漠绿洲交错区不同景观水平稳定性。从景观指数稳定性来看，无论是景观或斑块类型水平，斑块间平均距离指数稳定性最高，平均斑块面积指数次之，斑块密度指数居第三，大斑块优势度指数最低。景观与斑块类型水平比较而言，景观尺度同类指数稳定性都高于斑块类型尺度。从景观稳定性时间尺度依赖特征来看，线性趋势分析表明景观水平尺度依赖特征达到了显著水平（P=0.003），低于斑块类型水平的沙质荒漠（P<0.001）与砾质荒漠（P<0.001）。从景观稳定性维持机制来看，Pearson相关分析显示人类活动导致的绿洲化和地下水埋深是影响荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性的主要原因（双侧检查都为P<0.01）；沙漠化过程（0.01 < P < 0.05）和相邻斑块属性等自然现状是次要原因。  相似文献   

绿洲—沙漠过渡带风况资料统计中的若干问题研究——以策勒绿洲为例     

杨东亮  王雪芹  胡永锋  刘进辉 《干旱区地理》2015,38(3)

时距和距地面高度一直是风况资料统计中的普遍问题,不同时距和不同高度的风况资料反映真实情况的准确度不同。利用中国科学院策勒荒漠草地生态系统国家野外观测研究站自动气象站及野外地面梯度风实际观测资料,对策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带10 m高不同时距风速、10 min时距不同高度风速、平均风向及起沙风频率四个方面的问题进行分析。结果表明:不同时距的平均风速之间、最大风速之间、平均风速与最大风速之间均有比较稳定的关系,不随时间发生较大变化;不同高度的风速关系存在随距离接近拟合程度越好的总体规律,但在60 cm处有一定的偏离,主要与地表植被的平均高度有关;利用矢量合成法计算10 min风向,发现2 m高风向比10 m高风向沿逆时针方向偏转约45°;以气象站整时风资料与地面2 m高观测1 min风资料分别统计起沙风频率,发现在系统性天气中二者变化趋势一致,但在偶发性起沙风天气中会有较大差异。  相似文献   

新疆策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带花花柴(Karelinia caspica)沙堆的形态特征     

王翠  雷加强  李生宇  毛东雷  再努拉·热合木吐拉  周杰 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4)

通过野外调查花花柴(Karelinia caspica)植株及其沙堆形态指标,应用统计学原理和方法,分析了绿洲-沙漠过渡带花花柴沙堆的形态特征及沙堆与植株形态间的关系,初步估算了花花柴植株可固定的沙量.结果表明:(1)花花柴沙堆形态依据其发育时期的不同主要分为早期的盾形沙堆和较稳定时期的半球形沙堆.盾形沙堆的长度与宽度、底面积与高度间均呈直线线性相关,半球形沙堆则呈二次线性相关.盾形沙堆在向半球形沙堆发育的过程中,沙堆长度缩短,但是其高度、宽度以及体积仍随着植物的生长而不断地增长.(2)沙堆的发育与植株的形态有显著的相关关系.早期发育的盾形沙堆长度约为植株长度的2倍,体积为植株体积的1.5倍,半球状沙堆的长度和体积均约为植株的0.5倍左右.(3)通过估算,在策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带上,花花柴草丛沙堆体积可达约50 000m3·kmm-2,表明花花柴沙堆截留了绿洲外围大量的流沙,是绿洲的重要屏障.  相似文献   

Rapid responses of the prairie-forest ecotone to early Holocene aridity in mid-continental North America     

John W. Williams  Bryan Shuman  Patrick J. Bartlein   《Global and Planetary Change》2009,66(3-4):195-207

The prairie-forest transition in midcontinental North America is a major physiognomic boundary, and its shifts during the Holocene are a classic example of climate-driven ecotonal dynamics. Recent work suggests asymmetrical Holocene behavior, with a relatively rapid early Holocene deforestation and more gradual reforestation later in the Holocene. This paper presents a new synthesis of the Holocene history of the Great Plains prairie-forest ecotone in the north-central US and central Canada that updates prior mapping efforts and systematically assesses rates of change. Changes in percent woody cover (%WC) are inferred from fossil pollen records, using the modern analog technique and surface-sediment pollen samples cross-referenced against remotely sensed observations. For contemporary pollen samples from the Great Plains, %WC linearly correlates to percent arboreal pollen (%AP), but regression parameters vary interregionally. At present, %AP is consistently higher than %WC, because of high background levels of arboreal pollen. Holocene maps of the eastern prairie-forest ecotone agree with prior maps, showing a rapid decrease in %WC and eastward prairie advance between 10,000 and 8000 ka (1 ka = 1000 calibrated years before present), a maximum eastward position of the ecotone from 7 to 6 ka, and increased %WC and westward prairie retreat after 6 ka. Ecotone position is ambiguous in Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, due to a scarcity of modern analogs for early-Holocene samples with high Ulmus abundances and for samples from alluvial sediments. The northern prairie-forest ecotone was positioned in central Saskatchewan between 12 and 10 ka, stabilized from 10 to 6 ka despite decreases in %WC at some sites, then moved south after 6 ka. In both east and north, ecotonal movements are consistent with a dry early Holocene and increasing moisture availability after 6 ka. Sites near the ecotone consistently show an asymmetric pattern of abrupt early Holocene deforestation (< 300 years) and gradual reforestation after 6 ka. Early Holocene decreases in %WC are faster than the corresponding drops in %AP, because the analog-based %WC reconstructions correct for the high background levels of arboreal pollen types that blur temporal variations in %AP. For example, at Elk Lake, the %AP decline lasts 1000 years, whereas the %WC decline occurs between adjacent pollen samples, approximately 300 years apart. Thus, early Holocene deforestation may have been even more abrupt than previously recognized. Rapid deforestation likely was promoted both by rapid climate changes around 8.2 ka and positive fire-vegetation feedbacks. Non-linear vegetational responses to hydrological variability are consistent with 1) other paleorecords showing rapid die-offs of some eastern tree species in response to aridity and 2) observations of threshold-type ecological responses to recent climate events. The 21st-century trajectory for the Great Plains prairie-forest ecotone is uncertain, because climate models differ over the direction of regional precipitation trends, but future drying would be more likely to trigger threshold-type shifts in ecotone position.  相似文献   

近47年内蒙古农牧交错带气温突变的区域特征和季节特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨晶  李彰俊  李长生 《内蒙古气象》2009,(4):17-19

利用内蒙古农牧交错带42个气象站1961-2007年气象资料,采用Mann—Kendall和Yamamoto两种突变检验方法。分析了内蒙古农牧交错带气温突变的区域特征和季节特征。主要结论如下：内蒙古农牧交错带普遍具有明显的增温现象：气温突变主要发生在20世纪80年代后期和90年代前期;阴山北麓段突变发生最早,其次是东段,中西段最晚;四季气温以冬季突变发生最早且最明显,春、秋季次之,夏季最晚。  相似文献